DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MACRO AND MICRO ECONOMICS

In brief, the difference is that micro-economists are wrong about specific things, while macro-economists are wrong about things in general.

Macro- and microeconomics, and their wide array of underlying concepts, have been the subject of a great deal of writings. The field of study is vast; here is a brief summary of what each covers:

Microeconomics is the study of decisions that people and businesses make regarding the allocation of resources and prices of goods and services. This means also taking into account taxes and regulations created by governments. Microeconomics focuses on supply and demand and other forces that determine price levels for specific companies in specific industry sectors. For example, microeconomics would look at how a specific company could maximize it's production and capacity so it could lower prices and better compete in its industry.

Macroeconomics, on the other hand, is the field of economics that studies the behavior of the economy as a whole and not just on specific companies, but entire industries and economies. This looks at economy-wide phenomena such as Gross National Product (GDP) and how it is affected by changes in unemployment, national income, rate of growth, and price levels. For example, macroeconomics would look at how an increase/decrease in net exports would affect a nation's capital account or how GDP would be affected by unemployment rate.

While these two studies of economics appear to be different, they are actually interdependent and complement one another since there are many overlapping issues between the two fields. For example, increased inflation (macro effect) would cause the price of raw materials to increase for companies and in turn affect the end product's price charged to the public.

SUMMARY OF "COMMEDY OF ERRORS" by William Shakespeare

The Comedy of Errors opens with the threat of death. Due to a law forbidding the presence of Syracusian merchants in Ephesus, elderly Syracusian trader Egeon faces execution when he is discovered in the city. He can only escape by paying a fine of a thousand marks. He tells his sad story to the Duke. In his youth, he married and had twin sons. On the same day, a poor woman also gave birth to twin boys, and he purchased these as slaves to his sons. Soon afterwards, the family made a sea voyage, and was hit by a tempest. Egeon lashed himself to the main-mast with one son and one slave, while his wife was rescued by one boat, Egeon by another. Egeon never again saw his wife, or the children with her. Recently, his son Antipholus of Syracuse, now grown, and his son’s slave Dromio of Syracuse, left Syracuse on a quest to find their brothers. When Antipholus of Syracuse did not return, Egeon set out in search of him.

Solinus, Duke of Ephesus, is moved by this story, and grants Egeon one day to pay his fine.That same day, Antipholus of Syracuse arrives in Ephesus, searching for his brother. He sends Dromio of Syracuse to deposit some money at The Centaur (an inn). He is confounded when the identical Dromio of Ephesus appears almost immediately, denying any knowledge of the money and asking him home to dinner, where his wife is waiting. Antipholus, thinking his servant is making insubordinate jokes, beats Dromio.

Dromio of Ephesus returns to his mistress, Adriana, saying that her "husband" refused to come back to his house, and even pretended not to know her. Adriana, concerned that her husband's eye is straying, takes this news as confirmation of her suspicions.Antipholus of Syracuse, who complains "I could not speak with Dromio since at first I sent him from the mart," meets up with Dromio who now denies making a "joke" about Antipholus having a wife. Antipholus begins beating him. Suddenly, Adriana rushes up to Antipholus and begs him not to leave her. The Syracusans cannot but attribute these strange events to witchcraft, remarking that Ephesus is known as a warren for witches. Antipholus and Dromio go off with this strange woman, to eat dinner and keep the gate, respectively.

Antipholus of Ephesus returns home for dinner and is enraged to find that he is rudely refused entry to his own house by Dromio of Syracuse, who is keeping the gate. He is ready to break down the door, but his friends persuade him not to make a scene. He decides, instead, to dine with a Courtesan. Inside the house, Antipholus of Syracuse discovers that he is very attracted to his "wife"'s sister, Luciana, telling her "train me not, sweet mermaid, with thy note / To drown me in thy sister's flood of tears." She is flattered by his attentions, but worried about their moral implications. After she exits, Dromio of Syracuse announces that he has discovered that he has a wife: Nell, a hideous kitchen-maid. He describes her as "spherical, like a globe; I could find out countries in her". Antipholus jokingly asks him identify the countries, leading to a witty exchange in which parts of her body are identified with nations. Ireland is her buttocks: "I found it out by the bogs". He claims he has discovered America and the Indies "upon her nose all o'er embellished with rubies, carbuncles, sapphires, declining their rich aspect to the hot breath of Spain; who sent whole armadoes of caracks to be ballast at her nose." This is one of Shakespeare's few references to America. The Syracusans decide to leave as soon as possible, and Dromio runs off to make travel plans. Antipholus is apprehended by Angelo, a goldsmith, who claims that he ordered a chain from him. Antipholus is forced to accept the chain, and Angelo says that he will return for payment.

Antipholus of Ephesus dispatches Dromio of Ephesus to purchase a rope so that he can beat his wife Adriana for locking him out, then is accosted by Angelo, who tells him "I thought to have ta'en you at the Porpentine" and asks to be reimbursed for the chain. He denies ever seeing it, and is promptly arrested. As he is being led away, Dromio of Syracuse arrives, whereupon Antipholus dispatches him back to Adriana's house to get money for his bail.

After completing this errand, Dromio of Syracuse mistakenly delivers the money to Antipholus of Syracuse. The Courtesan spies Antipholus wearing the gold chain, and says he promised it to her. The Syracusans deny this, and flee. The Courtesan resolves to tell Adriana that her husband is insane. Dromio of Ephesus returns to the arrested Antipholus of Ephesus, with the rope. Antipholus is infuriated. Adriana, Luciana and the Courtesan enter with a conjurer named Pinch, who tries to exorcise the Ephesians, who are bound and taken to Adriana's house. The Syracusans enter, carrying swords, and everybody runs off for fear: believing that they are the Ephesians, out for vengeance after somehow escaping their bonds. Adriana reappears with henchmen, who attempt to bind the Syracusans. They take sanctuary in a nearby priory, where the Abbess resolutely protects them.

The Duke and Egeon enter, on their way to Egeon's execution. Adriana begs the Duke to force the Abbess to release her husband. Then, a messenger from Adriana's house runs in and announces that the Ephesians have broken loose from their bonds and tortured Doctor Pinch. The Ephesians enter and ask the Duke for justice against Adriana. Egeon believes he has found his own son, Antipholus, who will be able to bail him, but both Ephesians deny having ever seen him before. Suddenly, the Abbess enters with the Syracusan twins, and everyone begins to understand the confused events of the day. Not only are the two sets of twins reunited, but the Abbess reveals that she is Egeon's wife, Emilia. The Duke pardons Egeon. All exit into the abbey to celebrate the reunification of the family.

Even though the play ends happily, there is a suffering as well as humor in the problems which arise from the confused identities. By making the potential for violence and unhappiness quite vivid, Shakespeare makes the audience rejoice in the happy ending.

"ON HIS BLINDNESS"

SUMMARY

On his blindness is a beautiful sonnet written by Jhon Milton. In this text he shows his attitude towards his own blindness. It's a monolouge where the speaker is thinking about the dark days he's been living. Here,the poet sorrowfully rises a question that how can his eyesight be taken before the half of his life to live a dark world and never ending darkness when he still posses a desire to serve the holy spirit and show his true accounts. But that one talent which is eyesight has lost deep within himself and is useless. So he curiously asks himself that does God excepts him to serve when he is blind? sonnerthe patience beneath his delima and murmuring replies that Gods empire is vast and the whole universe is under his control there are immerse heavenly bodies in the universe who move continiously to serve him. Furthermore the patience makes him relieved by saying that they also serve the God who is capable of standing and waiting. In otherwords, God doesnot want the gifts he gave he just wants to be remembered and that is also serving.

The poet's argument in the poem

The poet's argument is on the blindness of God who took his eyesight when he still had a strong desire to serve him through his talent. He is also seem to be confused or in delema so he asks himself that does God expectsservice from him when he is blind but no later finds answer for himself that in Gods kingdom there are immense heavenly bodies serving him but they also serve the God who stand and wait. Thus, the peot mainly focuses on disability and the strong will to serve the holy spirit.

"The World is Too Much with Us": Analysis

William Wordsworth’s “The World is Too Much with Us” (1807) is a sonnet that speaks to the discontent that many readers feel with the materialistic precedence of contemporary society.  Within “The World is Too Much with Us”, Wordsworth expresses his romantic belief that every facet of life in modern civilization pulls us further and further from our true nature as human beings and pushes us towards an unnatural state of civilized existence where we are estranged from our roots as natural beings.  Wordsworth’s romantic view is that we, as parts of the natural world, used to live free and spiritually fulfilling lives when we were pre-Christian Pagans, living in the bosom of the forest and praying to ancient gods of the elements.  It is for this that Wordsworth could be argued as being well ahead of his time, Wordsworth’s “The World is Too Much with Us” having a message as powerful and true today as when Wordsworth first wrote it over two hundred years ago.

William Wordsworth (1770 – 1850) was a Romantic poet and a significant creative force engendering much of the 19th centuries’ Romantic Age of Literature.  An original poet for many different artistic virtues, Wordsworth’s personality and conscience made him the perfect father for a literary movement that would resound philosophically to this day.  Romanticism, defined by it predisposition towards nature and its deep emotional connection to the feelings of the poet, philosophically finds itself represented perfectly by Wordsworth’s “The World is Too Much with Us”.  By capturing the spiritual dissatisfaction many of us can feel when fulfilling our roles as proverbial cogs in the great social machine we live in, and painting in rhyme a romantic collage of a fantastic pagan past, Wordsworth’s “The World is Too Much with Us” can be easily argued as one of Wordsworth’s most popular works of Romanticism. 

Another poetic revolution, for the sake of any reader who wished to appreciate his works, was William Wordsworth’s acceptance of all forms of readership and choosing to write in very plain English the poems that he intended for mainstream circulation.  Wordsworth’s writing was a movement away from those of his peers who wrote specifically for educated aristocrats and intellectual elites.  Instead, Wordsworth wrote for the average Englishman. His language and vocabulary was very plainly spoken and, while the actual themes may themselves be significantly deeper, much of his poetry can be appreciated for its imagery and the emotions they evoke alone.  William Wordsworth’s “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud” (1804) is a perfect example of Wordsworth’s inclusive style of literary consumption: through its use of imagery and romantic expression, “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud” came to be known affectionately as “Daffodils” for no other reason than much of its readership appreciated it for its vibrant imagery of daffodils dancing in a shore breeze.  It would be this literary inclusiveness and popular consumption that would make Wordsworth’s poetry so widely recited, even today.

The very theme of Wordsworth’s “The World is Too Much with Us” is a concept that many grass roots, 19th century English people could relate to.  The popular dissatisfaction with the status quo (which consisted of wealthy landowners supporting their luxurious lifestyle on the labor of those who worked beneath them in the abysmal drudgery of Europe’s Industrial Revolution), made the message of Wordsworth’s “The World is Too Much with Us” something they could easily find virtue in.  Wordsworth’s readers could relate to a fantasy of returning to nature and a mystical life in its care, appreciating the romantic philosophy of seeking an existence as close to nature and as far removed from the strains of civilization as possible.  It is within this philosophical view that Wordsworth’s “The World is Too Much with Us” comes to be fully appreciated.

DEFINATIONS OF ECONOMICS

One of the earliest and most famous definitions of economics was that of Thomas Carlyle, who in the early 19th century termed it the "dismal science." According to a much-repeated story, what Carlyle had noticed was the anti-utopian implications of economics. Many utopians, people who believe that a society of abundance without conflict is possible, believe that good results come from good motives and good motives lead to good results. Economists have always disputed this, and it was to the forceful statement of this disagreement by early economists such as Thomas Malthus and David Ricardo that Carlyle supposedly reacted.

Another early definition, one which is perhaps more useful, is that of English economist W. Stanley Jevons who, in the late 19th century, wrote that economics was "the mechanics of utility and self interest." One can think of economics as the social science that explores the results of people acting on the basis of self-interest. There is more to man than self-interest, and the other social sciences--such as psychology, sociology, anthropology, and political science--attempt to tell us about those other dimensions of man. As you read further into these pages, you will see that the assumption of self-interest, that a person tries to do the best for himself with what he has, underlies virtually all of economic theory.

At the turn of the century, Alfred Marshall's Principles of Economics was the most influential textbook in economics. Marshall defined economics as

"a study of mankind in the ordinary business of life; it examines that part of individual and social action which is most closely connected with the attainment and with the use of the material requisites of wellbeing. Thus it is on one side a study of wealth; and on the other, and more important side, a part of the study of man."

Many other books of the period included in their definitions something about the "study of exchange and production." Definitions of this sort emphasize that the topics with which economics is most closely identified concern those processes involved in meeting man's material needs. Economists today do not use these definitions because the boundaries of economics have expanded since Marshall. Economists do more than study exchange and production, though exchange remains at the heart of economics.

Most contemporary definitions of economics involve the notions of choice and scarcity. Perhaps the earliest of these is by Lionell Robbins in 1935: "Economics is a science which studies human behavior as a relationship between ends and scarce means which have alternative uses." Virtually all textbooks have definitions that are derived from this definition. Though the exact wording differs from author to author, the standard definition is something like this:

"Economics is the social science that examines how people choose to use limited or scarce resources in attempting to satisfy their unlimited wants."

And others definations of economics:

Paul Samuelson, Nobel laureate in Economics in 1970, defines economics as the study of how a person or society meets its unlimited needs and wants through the effective allocation of resources.

There are other definitions of economics. Here are some:

- Economics is a science that deals with the study of the production and distribution of a country's resources.

-   Economics is a social science that deals with the study of the utilization of a country's natural resources.

-   Economics is a social science that deals with the study of how people can be influenced by the economic system around them. For example, if the price of certain commodity goes up, people will try to conserve that commodity or buy something that costs less.

-   " Economics is the study of mankind in the ordinary business of life; it examines that part of an individual and social action which is most closely connected to the attainment of and the use of the material requisites of well-being."—Alfred Marshall, British economist

-   " Economics is a science that deals with the study of human behavior as a relationship between ends and scarce means which have alternative uses."—Lionel Robbins, British economist.

ALL THE WORLD'S A STAGE

Summary

   All the world's a stage can be refered as master piece of william shakespeare. it is a finely written poem. The text describes world as ahuge stage and humans; characters of the play,playing their assigned roles with fixed entrance and exit.

  

   Futhermore, the speaker describes life as a a play in which one person plays seven different roles. The first role is of an infant in which a person cries, plays and vomits in a nurse's arms. Growing to school boy relucatant to got to school the person then plays the character of a lover always in a rush to please his lady love singing joyfully for her. Soon he grows to a soilder, everready to accept challanges and adventures , short tempered in character and fighting with dangers for a short lasting pride he enters the fifth stage depicted as justic, with round belly, penetrating sight and formal cut bread. He is wise and gives views and comments on modern circumtances and is always respected. Now, the person has turned as an old man figured with spectecles on nose and with lots of wrinkles on his sides. His size shrinks and voice becomes childish. And finally on his last stage the person is on a miserable state which is characterised as a second childishness with fragite memory power he losses all happiness and adventures of life.

     Thus, the story of a life gets an unpleasent end with lots of up and down which is beautifully sscripted by shakespeare. This poem fules the idea that the only thing permanent in life is change.

OVERCOMING COMMUNICATION BARRIERS

1. Eliminating differences in perception: The organization should ensure that it is recruiting right individuals on the job. It’s the responsibility of the interviewer to ensure that the interviewee has command over the written and spoken language. There should be proper Induction program so that the policies of the company are clear to all the employees. There should be proper trainings conducted for required employees (for eg: Voice and Accent training).
2. Use of Simple Language: Use of simple and clear words should be emphasized. Use of ambiguous words and jargons should be avoided.
3. Reduction and elimination of noise levels: Noise is the main communication barrier which must be overcome on priority basis. It is essential to identify the source of noise and then eliminate that source.
4. Active Listening: Listen attentively and carefully. There is a difference between “listening” and “hearing”. Active listening means hearing with proper understanding of the message that is heard. By asking questions the speaker can ensure whether his/her message is understood or not by the receiver in the same terms as intended by the speaker.
5. Emotional State: During communication one should make effective use of body language. He/she should not show their emotions while communication as the receiver might misinterpret the message being delivered. For example, if the conveyer of the message is in a bad mood then the receiver might think that the information being delivered is not good.
6. Simple Organizational Structure: The organizational structure should not be complex. The number of hierarchical levels should be optimum. There should be a ideal span of control within the organization. Simpler the organizational structure, more effective will be the communication.
7. Avoid Information Overload: The managers should know how to prioritize their work. They should not overload themselves with the work. They should spend quality time with their subordinates and should listen to their problems and feedbacks actively.
8. Give Constructive Feedback: Avoid giving negative feedback. The contents of the feedback might be negative, but it should be delivered constructively. Constructive feedback will lead to effective communication between the superior and subordinate.
9. Proper Media Selection: The managers should properly select the medium of communication. Simple messages should be conveyed orally, like: face to face interaction or meetings. Use of written means of communication should be encouraged for delivering complex messages. For significant messages reminders can be given by using written means of communication such as : Memos, Notices etc.
10. Flexibility in meeting the targets: For effective communication in an organization the managers should ensure that the individuals are meeting their targets timely without skipping the formal channels of communication. There should not be much pressure on employees to meet their targets.