DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MACRO AND MICRO ECONOMICS

In brief, the difference is that micro-economists are wrong about specific things, while macro-economists are wrong about things in general.

Macro- and microeconomics, and their wide array of underlying concepts, have been the subject of a great deal of writings. The field of study is vast; here is a brief summary of what each covers:

Microeconomics is the study of decisions that people and businesses make regarding the allocation of resources and prices of goods and services. This means also taking into account taxes and regulations created by governments. Microeconomics focuses on supply and demand and other forces that determine price levels for specific companies in specific industry sectors. For example, microeconomics would look at how a specific company could maximize it's production and capacity so it could lower prices and better compete in its industry.

Macroeconomics, on the other hand, is the field of economics that studies the behavior of the economy as a whole and not just on specific companies, but entire industries and economies. This looks at economy-wide phenomena such as Gross National Product (GDP) and how it is affected by changes in unemployment, national income, rate of growth, and price levels. For example, macroeconomics would look at how an increase/decrease in net exports would affect a nation's capital account or how GDP would be affected by unemployment rate.

While these two studies of economics appear to be different, they are actually interdependent and complement one another since there are many overlapping issues between the two fields. For example, increased inflation (macro effect) would cause the price of raw materials to increase for companies and in turn affect the end product's price charged to the public.

SUMMARY OF "COMMEDY OF ERRORS" by William Shakespeare

The Comedy of Errors opens with the threat of death. Due to a law forbidding the presence of Syracusian merchants in Ephesus, elderly Syracusian trader Egeon faces execution when he is discovered in the city. He can only escape by paying a fine of a thousand marks. He tells his sad story to the Duke. In his youth, he married and had twin sons. On the same day, a poor woman also gave birth to twin boys, and he purchased these as slaves to his sons. Soon afterwards, the family made a sea voyage, and was hit by a tempest. Egeon lashed himself to the main-mast with one son and one slave, while his wife was rescued by one boat, Egeon by another. Egeon never again saw his wife, or the children with her. Recently, his son Antipholus of Syracuse, now grown, and his son’s slave Dromio of Syracuse, left Syracuse on a quest to find their brothers. When Antipholus of Syracuse did not return, Egeon set out in search of him.

Solinus, Duke of Ephesus, is moved by this story, and grants Egeon one day to pay his fine.That same day, Antipholus of Syracuse arrives in Ephesus, searching for his brother. He sends Dromio of Syracuse to deposit some money at The Centaur (an inn). He is confounded when the identical Dromio of Ephesus appears almost immediately, denying any knowledge of the money and asking him home to dinner, where his wife is waiting. Antipholus, thinking his servant is making insubordinate jokes, beats Dromio.

Dromio of Ephesus returns to his mistress, Adriana, saying that her "husband" refused to come back to his house, and even pretended not to know her. Adriana, concerned that her husband's eye is straying, takes this news as confirmation of her suspicions.Antipholus of Syracuse, who complains "I could not speak with Dromio since at first I sent him from the mart," meets up with Dromio who now denies making a "joke" about Antipholus having a wife. Antipholus begins beating him. Suddenly, Adriana rushes up to Antipholus and begs him not to leave her. The Syracusans cannot but attribute these strange events to witchcraft, remarking that Ephesus is known as a warren for witches. Antipholus and Dromio go off with this strange woman, to eat dinner and keep the gate, respectively.

Antipholus of Ephesus returns home for dinner and is enraged to find that he is rudely refused entry to his own house by Dromio of Syracuse, who is keeping the gate. He is ready to break down the door, but his friends persuade him not to make a scene. He decides, instead, to dine with a Courtesan. Inside the house, Antipholus of Syracuse discovers that he is very attracted to his "wife"'s sister, Luciana, telling her "train me not, sweet mermaid, with thy note / To drown me in thy sister's flood of tears." She is flattered by his attentions, but worried about their moral implications. After she exits, Dromio of Syracuse announces that he has discovered that he has a wife: Nell, a hideous kitchen-maid. He describes her as "spherical, like a globe; I could find out countries in her". Antipholus jokingly asks him identify the countries, leading to a witty exchange in which parts of her body are identified with nations. Ireland is her buttocks: "I found it out by the bogs". He claims he has discovered America and the Indies "upon her nose all o'er embellished with rubies, carbuncles, sapphires, declining their rich aspect to the hot breath of Spain; who sent whole armadoes of caracks to be ballast at her nose." This is one of Shakespeare's few references to America. The Syracusans decide to leave as soon as possible, and Dromio runs off to make travel plans. Antipholus is apprehended by Angelo, a goldsmith, who claims that he ordered a chain from him. Antipholus is forced to accept the chain, and Angelo says that he will return for payment.

Antipholus of Ephesus dispatches Dromio of Ephesus to purchase a rope so that he can beat his wife Adriana for locking him out, then is accosted by Angelo, who tells him "I thought to have ta'en you at the Porpentine" and asks to be reimbursed for the chain. He denies ever seeing it, and is promptly arrested. As he is being led away, Dromio of Syracuse arrives, whereupon Antipholus dispatches him back to Adriana's house to get money for his bail.

After completing this errand, Dromio of Syracuse mistakenly delivers the money to Antipholus of Syracuse. The Courtesan spies Antipholus wearing the gold chain, and says he promised it to her. The Syracusans deny this, and flee. The Courtesan resolves to tell Adriana that her husband is insane. Dromio of Ephesus returns to the arrested Antipholus of Ephesus, with the rope. Antipholus is infuriated. Adriana, Luciana and the Courtesan enter with a conjurer named Pinch, who tries to exorcise the Ephesians, who are bound and taken to Adriana's house. The Syracusans enter, carrying swords, and everybody runs off for fear: believing that they are the Ephesians, out for vengeance after somehow escaping their bonds. Adriana reappears with henchmen, who attempt to bind the Syracusans. They take sanctuary in a nearby priory, where the Abbess resolutely protects them.

The Duke and Egeon enter, on their way to Egeon's execution. Adriana begs the Duke to force the Abbess to release her husband. Then, a messenger from Adriana's house runs in and announces that the Ephesians have broken loose from their bonds and tortured Doctor Pinch. The Ephesians enter and ask the Duke for justice against Adriana. Egeon believes he has found his own son, Antipholus, who will be able to bail him, but both Ephesians deny having ever seen him before. Suddenly, the Abbess enters with the Syracusan twins, and everyone begins to understand the confused events of the day. Not only are the two sets of twins reunited, but the Abbess reveals that she is Egeon's wife, Emilia. The Duke pardons Egeon. All exit into the abbey to celebrate the reunification of the family.

Even though the play ends happily, there is a suffering as well as humor in the problems which arise from the confused identities. By making the potential for violence and unhappiness quite vivid, Shakespeare makes the audience rejoice in the happy ending.

"ON HIS BLINDNESS"

SUMMARY

On his blindness is a beautiful sonnet written by Jhon Milton. In this text he shows his attitude towards his own blindness. It's a monolouge where the speaker is thinking about the dark days he's been living. Here,the poet sorrowfully rises a question that how can his eyesight be taken before the half of his life to live a dark world and never ending darkness when he still posses a desire to serve the holy spirit and show his true accounts. But that one talent which is eyesight has lost deep within himself and is useless. So he curiously asks himself that does God excepts him to serve when he is blind? sonnerthe patience beneath his delima and murmuring replies that Gods empire is vast and the whole universe is under his control there are immerse heavenly bodies in the universe who move continiously to serve him. Furthermore the patience makes him relieved by saying that they also serve the God who is capable of standing and waiting. In otherwords, God doesnot want the gifts he gave he just wants to be remembered and that is also serving.

The poet's argument in the poem

The poet's argument is on the blindness of God who took his eyesight when he still had a strong desire to serve him through his talent. He is also seem to be confused or in delema so he asks himself that does God expectsservice from him when he is blind but no later finds answer for himself that in Gods kingdom there are immense heavenly bodies serving him but they also serve the God who stand and wait. Thus, the peot mainly focuses on disability and the strong will to serve the holy spirit.

"The World is Too Much with Us": Analysis

William Wordsworth’s “The World is Too Much with Us” (1807) is a sonnet that speaks to the discontent that many readers feel with the materialistic precedence of contemporary society.  Within “The World is Too Much with Us”, Wordsworth expresses his romantic belief that every facet of life in modern civilization pulls us further and further from our true nature as human beings and pushes us towards an unnatural state of civilized existence where we are estranged from our roots as natural beings.  Wordsworth’s romantic view is that we, as parts of the natural world, used to live free and spiritually fulfilling lives when we were pre-Christian Pagans, living in the bosom of the forest and praying to ancient gods of the elements.  It is for this that Wordsworth could be argued as being well ahead of his time, Wordsworth’s “The World is Too Much with Us” having a message as powerful and true today as when Wordsworth first wrote it over two hundred years ago.

William Wordsworth (1770 – 1850) was a Romantic poet and a significant creative force engendering much of the 19th centuries’ Romantic Age of Literature.  An original poet for many different artistic virtues, Wordsworth’s personality and conscience made him the perfect father for a literary movement that would resound philosophically to this day.  Romanticism, defined by it predisposition towards nature and its deep emotional connection to the feelings of the poet, philosophically finds itself represented perfectly by Wordsworth’s “The World is Too Much with Us”.  By capturing the spiritual dissatisfaction many of us can feel when fulfilling our roles as proverbial cogs in the great social machine we live in, and painting in rhyme a romantic collage of a fantastic pagan past, Wordsworth’s “The World is Too Much with Us” can be easily argued as one of Wordsworth’s most popular works of Romanticism. 

Another poetic revolution, for the sake of any reader who wished to appreciate his works, was William Wordsworth’s acceptance of all forms of readership and choosing to write in very plain English the poems that he intended for mainstream circulation.  Wordsworth’s writing was a movement away from those of his peers who wrote specifically for educated aristocrats and intellectual elites.  Instead, Wordsworth wrote for the average Englishman. His language and vocabulary was very plainly spoken and, while the actual themes may themselves be significantly deeper, much of his poetry can be appreciated for its imagery and the emotions they evoke alone.  William Wordsworth’s “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud” (1804) is a perfect example of Wordsworth’s inclusive style of literary consumption: through its use of imagery and romantic expression, “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud” came to be known affectionately as “Daffodils” for no other reason than much of its readership appreciated it for its vibrant imagery of daffodils dancing in a shore breeze.  It would be this literary inclusiveness and popular consumption that would make Wordsworth’s poetry so widely recited, even today.

The very theme of Wordsworth’s “The World is Too Much with Us” is a concept that many grass roots, 19th century English people could relate to.  The popular dissatisfaction with the status quo (which consisted of wealthy landowners supporting their luxurious lifestyle on the labor of those who worked beneath them in the abysmal drudgery of Europe’s Industrial Revolution), made the message of Wordsworth’s “The World is Too Much with Us” something they could easily find virtue in.  Wordsworth’s readers could relate to a fantasy of returning to nature and a mystical life in its care, appreciating the romantic philosophy of seeking an existence as close to nature and as far removed from the strains of civilization as possible.  It is within this philosophical view that Wordsworth’s “The World is Too Much with Us” comes to be fully appreciated.

DEFINATIONS OF ECONOMICS

One of the earliest and most famous definitions of economics was that of Thomas Carlyle, who in the early 19th century termed it the "dismal science." According to a much-repeated story, what Carlyle had noticed was the anti-utopian implications of economics. Many utopians, people who believe that a society of abundance without conflict is possible, believe that good results come from good motives and good motives lead to good results. Economists have always disputed this, and it was to the forceful statement of this disagreement by early economists such as Thomas Malthus and David Ricardo that Carlyle supposedly reacted.

Another early definition, one which is perhaps more useful, is that of English economist W. Stanley Jevons who, in the late 19th century, wrote that economics was "the mechanics of utility and self interest." One can think of economics as the social science that explores the results of people acting on the basis of self-interest. There is more to man than self-interest, and the other social sciences--such as psychology, sociology, anthropology, and political science--attempt to tell us about those other dimensions of man. As you read further into these pages, you will see that the assumption of self-interest, that a person tries to do the best for himself with what he has, underlies virtually all of economic theory.

At the turn of the century, Alfred Marshall's Principles of Economics was the most influential textbook in economics. Marshall defined economics as

"a study of mankind in the ordinary business of life; it examines that part of individual and social action which is most closely connected with the attainment and with the use of the material requisites of wellbeing. Thus it is on one side a study of wealth; and on the other, and more important side, a part of the study of man."

Many other books of the period included in their definitions something about the "study of exchange and production." Definitions of this sort emphasize that the topics with which economics is most closely identified concern those processes involved in meeting man's material needs. Economists today do not use these definitions because the boundaries of economics have expanded since Marshall. Economists do more than study exchange and production, though exchange remains at the heart of economics.

Most contemporary definitions of economics involve the notions of choice and scarcity. Perhaps the earliest of these is by Lionell Robbins in 1935: "Economics is a science which studies human behavior as a relationship between ends and scarce means which have alternative uses." Virtually all textbooks have definitions that are derived from this definition. Though the exact wording differs from author to author, the standard definition is something like this:

"Economics is the social science that examines how people choose to use limited or scarce resources in attempting to satisfy their unlimited wants."

And others definations of economics:

Paul Samuelson, Nobel laureate in Economics in 1970, defines economics as the study of how a person or society meets its unlimited needs and wants through the effective allocation of resources.

There are other definitions of economics. Here are some:

- Economics is a science that deals with the study of the production and distribution of a country's resources.

-   Economics is a social science that deals with the study of the utilization of a country's natural resources.

-   Economics is a social science that deals with the study of how people can be influenced by the economic system around them. For example, if the price of certain commodity goes up, people will try to conserve that commodity or buy something that costs less.

-   " Economics is the study of mankind in the ordinary business of life; it examines that part of an individual and social action which is most closely connected to the attainment of and the use of the material requisites of well-being."—Alfred Marshall, British economist

-   " Economics is a science that deals with the study of human behavior as a relationship between ends and scarce means which have alternative uses."—Lionel Robbins, British economist.

ALL THE WORLD'S A STAGE

Summary

   All the world's a stage can be refered as master piece of william shakespeare. it is a finely written poem. The text describes world as ahuge stage and humans; characters of the play,playing their assigned roles with fixed entrance and exit.

  

   Futhermore, the speaker describes life as a a play in which one person plays seven different roles. The first role is of an infant in which a person cries, plays and vomits in a nurse's arms. Growing to school boy relucatant to got to school the person then plays the character of a lover always in a rush to please his lady love singing joyfully for her. Soon he grows to a soilder, everready to accept challanges and adventures , short tempered in character and fighting with dangers for a short lasting pride he enters the fifth stage depicted as justic, with round belly, penetrating sight and formal cut bread. He is wise and gives views and comments on modern circumtances and is always respected. Now, the person has turned as an old man figured with spectecles on nose and with lots of wrinkles on his sides. His size shrinks and voice becomes childish. And finally on his last stage the person is on a miserable state which is characterised as a second childishness with fragite memory power he losses all happiness and adventures of life.

     Thus, the story of a life gets an unpleasent end with lots of up and down which is beautifully sscripted by shakespeare. This poem fules the idea that the only thing permanent in life is change.

OVERCOMING COMMUNICATION BARRIERS

1. Eliminating differences in perception: The organization should ensure that it is recruiting right individuals on the job. It’s the responsibility of the interviewer to ensure that the interviewee has command over the written and spoken language. There should be proper Induction program so that the policies of the company are clear to all the employees. There should be proper trainings conducted for required employees (for eg: Voice and Accent training).
2. Use of Simple Language: Use of simple and clear words should be emphasized. Use of ambiguous words and jargons should be avoided.
3. Reduction and elimination of noise levels: Noise is the main communication barrier which must be overcome on priority basis. It is essential to identify the source of noise and then eliminate that source.
4. Active Listening: Listen attentively and carefully. There is a difference between “listening” and “hearing”. Active listening means hearing with proper understanding of the message that is heard. By asking questions the speaker can ensure whether his/her message is understood or not by the receiver in the same terms as intended by the speaker.
5. Emotional State: During communication one should make effective use of body language. He/she should not show their emotions while communication as the receiver might misinterpret the message being delivered. For example, if the conveyer of the message is in a bad mood then the receiver might think that the information being delivered is not good.
6. Simple Organizational Structure: The organizational structure should not be complex. The number of hierarchical levels should be optimum. There should be a ideal span of control within the organization. Simpler the organizational structure, more effective will be the communication.
7. Avoid Information Overload: The managers should know how to prioritize their work. They should not overload themselves with the work. They should spend quality time with their subordinates and should listen to their problems and feedbacks actively.
8. Give Constructive Feedback: Avoid giving negative feedback. The contents of the feedback might be negative, but it should be delivered constructively. Constructive feedback will lead to effective communication between the superior and subordinate.
9. Proper Media Selection: The managers should properly select the medium of communication. Simple messages should be conveyed orally, like: face to face interaction or meetings. Use of written means of communication should be encouraged for delivering complex messages. For significant messages reminders can be given by using written means of communication such as : Memos, Notices etc.
10. Flexibility in meeting the targets: For effective communication in an organization the managers should ensure that the individuals are meeting their targets timely without skipping the formal channels of communication. There should not be much pressure on employees to meet their targets.

BARRIERS OF COMMUNICATION

The term 'barrier' means 'hurdle' , 'hindrance' ,or 'obstacle'. thus, barriers to communication imply obstacles on the way of transmission of message from the sender to the receiver.

The barriers of communication are given below :

a) Cultural difference or variation:
    Because of linguistic difference or cultural variance the information cannot reach the receiver or is misinterpreted. As a word or symbol with one meaning in one culture may have the other meaning in the other culture resulting to communication failure.

b) Noise:
  Noise is also one of the major barriers of communication. Because of noise the complet information cannot reach the receiver resulting to communication failure.

c) Multiple ways of thinking:
   The thinking pattern of persons also determine the communication competance. A person shares an information with one thought in mind, but the receiver might be on other state of mind which can lead to misinterpretation of the information. Also the preconception about the sender and lack of trust might effect the message. If the sender thought to be bad even a good message from him can be unpleasent to the receiver resulting to communication failure.

d) Steric opinion:
   We tend to have fixed opinion about some beliefs and values which cannot be altered at any cost. And if some information arrives for betterment of us but agnaist older beliefs we totally misinterprate the information. we are so opinionated that we don't see only thing beyond our opinion which also fuels the communication failure, it is especially between two societies with diferent culture.

e) Selection of words:
   Some words at different sentences carries different meaning and some words are thought to be attending at situations. Moreover. there is also specific word for some specified areas. And different words in different writting patterns. Thus, there should be the selection of correct word at the correct time in the correct place for description of correct situation or event lack of which creates communication failure.

OPED

LETS TALK ABOUT CONSUMER RIGHTS

Do we ever think about consumer rights? There is a daily talk of right refered to human matter such as women right, education right, and so on. But we never notice in our simple and small matter which is needed in our daily life or daily use. We daily consume cooked food, junk-food,juice,sweets,etc. We are always in hurry for buying food products or vegetables but never notice is it hygienic? We pay the money also why we dont get the healthy food in market? In this way the matter of consumer rights come.

"If wealth is lost nothing is lost,if education is lost something is lost but if health is lost every thing is lost"

The recent series of unacceptable aberrations seen in food and sweets products is a matter of grave concern. In addition, unhygienic production processes and the use of animal fats, which are popular food for vegeterians, have cause serious concern for us.

we praise highly the proactive action that the Department Of Commerce (DOC),Department Of Food Technology and Quality Control (DFTQC) and a number of district administration offices have launched to check thus criminality. The rising matter is simple one. The high investigation of the departments exposed more sweet shops, and other shops of rice,water etc.It is found that the rice are been sold without expired date, this sound really bad. The business men are deciping consumer.Every year, at the beginning of the festival season, the government performed perfunctory quality checks on some shops,hotels and resturant. This year was slightly different. Pressure was mounting from consumer rights.

After watching flies dies in the boiling syrup of gulab jamuns and cockroaches ivade a tray of barfi we have to wonder where the Department was and what they were doing while we nepalese served heaping platefulls at weddings and family dinner parties. But late better than never, so the Departments are equipped to protect the consumers. Otherwise, dishonest business will continue to cheat their customers and play with health and safety of the masses.

After the heavy investigation number of black marketing businessmen are caught than we are happy. But notorious businessmen, whenever they were caught, have been allowed to walk free paying a paltry Rs 5,000 in penalty. Such easy escape has bolstered their confidence and weakened the rule of law. Public health and consumer rights are issuses that the state should never compromise on. Hence, we urgently urge the government to boost their inspection and enforcement capacity by appointing more food technicians and the strong law for black marketing businessmen. As being consumer we must know our right and we should be attention on the food materials that we purchase.

Life becomes Bitter without consumer protection.

DEFINATION OF SOCIAL CHANGE

* change in social structure: the nature, the social institutions, the social behaviour or the social relations of a society, community of people, and so on.

* When behaviour pattern changes, in large numbers and is visible and sustained it results in a social change. Once there is a deviance from culturally inherited values, it may result in a rebellion against the established system, causing a change in the social order.

* acts of advocacy for the cause of changing society in a normative way (subjective).

— the use of physical, economic, or — the use of physical or economic

Nonviolent Social Change appeals to conscience, emotional counseling, or withdrawalof one’s consent and support to convince or coerce opponents to change their behavior, while supporting and protecting them personally. Often unviolent and nonviolent social change is distinguished by the “tone” of the activity: in nonviolent change, activists struggle with their opponents while maintaining an attitude of respect towards them. Nonviolent activists attempt to love their opponents as they attempt to change them. Furthermore, nonviolent activists try to remain humbly open to the possibility that they are the ones who must change. In contrast, unviolent activists often maintain an attitude of righteousness towards their opponents whom they see as evil or unworthy. They often attempt to blame and demean their opponents as part of their efforts to win. Nonviolent activists also usually attempt to develop alternatives

that can better satisfy people’s real needs, while unviolent and violent activists generally focus only on abolishing existing institutions or customs. Violent and unviolent social change is often approvingly described as “militant.” Generally, social change activity is termed “more militant” the more strongly it relies on threat and coercion

or the more disruptive it is to the normal order.

FRIENDSHIP

Friendship is a feeling of love and affection of one person for another. This feeling of love must be reciprocated. Otherwise friendship cannot be possible. Friendship does not exist where tastes, feelings and sentiments are not similar.
The famous essayist Bacon has warned against the friendship between a very rich person and a very poor person. Economic disparity damages friendship. Thus friendship is a feeling of affection between two likeminded persons of uniform status.
It is said that a friend in need is a friend in deed. There may be many friends at the time of prosperity. But most of them desert at the time of adversity. We can examine the sincerity of a friend during our time of hardship and trouble. Only a sincere and faithful friend remains with us at the time of our trouble. All others leave us. It is very painful when our friends turn traitors.
Money is an enemy of friendship. Everybody has an attraction for money. When lending or borrowing of money is done between two friends, there is great risk. Friendship may be affected. So it is wise for true friends to avoid monetary transaction. Vanity is another element which breaks friendship. Everybody has self-respect. When a person tries to criticise his friend, their friendship is affected. So friendship must be treated very delicately.
Very often some hypocrites pretend to be friends. They are more dangerous than avowed enemies. By telling soft words they bring enormous ruin to us. A true friend never exploits. He rather surrenders. But at present, the meaning of friendship has changed.
There are many fair-weathered friends. They terminate their friendly tie as soon as their interests are fulfilled. It is very difficult to find a true friend today. It is better to establish true friendship with either a dog or an elephant. Both these beasts will remain faithful to their human friends. Today, friendship between two persons is short-lived.
Good friends exercise good influence. They always help their friends, in distress and inspire them to walk on the right path. But evil friends ruin us completely.

TYPES OF COMMUNICATION

                   Means of communication
          
          a. Verbal - oral and written       
          b. Non-verbal- sign language and body language
   
a. Verbal Communication
     The word 'verbal' means connected with words and the use of words. Human beings are the only species gifted with the use of words that makes language words as the most accurate and powerful sets of symbols. That is why it is observed that all serious or formal communication is in words. And the words may be spoken or written.

Oral Communication
   oral use of language acts as the first binding factor between one person and another. In an organization, setting oral communication can take different forms in different situations.
   
     a) Downward Communication- lectures,meetings,speeches,   counseling.
     b)Upward Communication- conferences,union channel, face-to-face conversation.
      c)Horizontal Communication- meeting,conference,social activities.
       d)Diagonal communication- meetings,group-discussion, brain-stroming exercise.

  Advantages
1. Time saving.
2. It builds up a healthy environment.
3. It gets immediate feedback.
4. It provides the speaker opportunity to correct himself.
  
  Limitations 
1. In the absence of record, oral message don't havelegal validity.
2. There is high chance of misunderstanding.
3. It cannot always be retained in the listener's memory.
4. It becomes difficult to fix for anything that goes wrong.
     
Written Communication
    Written communication requires a lot of effort. It is a creative activity that requires a lot of imagination and effort to arrive at the finished product. It is based on conscious effort.

  Advantages
1. Provides us records, references,etc. on which important decisions rest.
2. Builds up the legal defences of the organization.
3. It can be checked for accuracy.
4. Provides uniformity of policy and procedure and builds up proper guidelines for the working of the organization.

Limitations
1. It is time consuming.
2. It is costly in terms of money and man hours.
3. Absence of immediate clarification.
4. Written materials may leak out before time.

b. Non-verbal communication
     Non-verbal communication is that message expressed by other than linguistic means. It may be in the form of sign language or body language.

 Sign Language
  From the immemorial, man has been using visual and audio signs or in the words,pictures,drawings to convey messages. A picture is worth a thousand words. A drawing or a picture makes or gives a concrete impression. For example, no smoking sign, danger sign, road signs, etc.

IMPORTANCE OF COMMUNICATION

   
1. At the individual level
      At the individual level, communication plays a vital role to express the feeling of one person to another and also to receive wanted information from the desired person. Communication is also the best medium of understanding. Many misunderstandings and weakness in relationships are the result of communication failure.

2. At the societal level
       At the societal level, communication is important to discuss the social problems, aware the society and its people about the situation and short-comings of their society and take initiative to develop the society.

3. At the organizational leval
       Communication binds the employer and employee and helps the organization run smoothly and jointly achieve the desired goal. Maintaining an efficient system of communication enables the gathering and marshalling of data which is necessary for decision-making.

4. At the national level
       At the national level, communication links the rulers of the state with the people and also amongst themselves. Thus, at national level communication plays a vital role for rulers to interact with people and also hold talks among different political parties to sustain the law and order.

5. At the international level
      Communication is the main factor that joins two nations and makes them go hand in hand. Thus, at international level, communication is important for the talks on peace and many treaties between nations.
     
           Therefore, communication is important in diffferent levels.

Summary of 'My days among thre dead are past'

   My days among the days are past is a beautiful work by Robert Southey, the poet of an era called romantic peoriod, described as the golden period period in the history of poem. He is one of those handful of poets honoured as, poet letreturs of great Britain. In this text he describes his relationship with books.
  
    The speaker depicts how close he is to the books and how interrelated these books are to him because whereever his eyes runs they catch a glimpse of people who are no more in existence. To him they are never failing friends as the always show a good path for him and never mislead him which is the main reason that the speaker is so fond of the books that the conveerse with them everyday.

     The speaker of auther more adds that he feels delighted in trouble because soon the troubles will trun to relief with the company of those dead minds. This gives him a feeling of gratitude towards them because he is totally in debted by them. He lives the past with them interacting with them loving their virtues and disapprasing their faults, he takes part in their happy and sad situations and takes lessons from their teaching with a humble mind.
  
     He is so related to them that he hopes to be with watching his name written with their names and travel in the future with their company. He wants to leave his name. So that it could be written with the names of those dead people and the through all eternity.

    Therefore,with all the reference the poet provides a clear vision that the persons who are dead are living their life through their books providing inspiration to whole humanity. Thus his previous idea considering them dead is of no meaning because they are not dead to him now. So, he entitles text as 'My days among the dead are past'.

MECHANISM OF COMMUNICATION

   Explanation

   The sender has a message to send. Thus, he encodes symbols and words to express himself and these encoded symbols and words take the form of message. Following a determined channel that might be any medium or means of communication the message reaches the receiver. The receiver decodes the information or understands the message on his own way and finally expresses his view or ideas to the sender or feels about the information which is called feedback. If the receiver gets the idea which sender has encoded it is called communicative competence or else it is termed as communiacative failure. Communication failure depends upon encoding and decoding of message.

Any way communication is needed in every sector of life and the best example is we all use facebook and we write our views as status and friends comment us and that is feedback.

lastly, communication doesnot only include sharing of informations, it also includes exchange understanding,storage,retrive and processing of information or in other words communication follows a mechanism.

FEATURES OF COMMUNICATION

1. A two-way process : Communication is possible only when there at least two persons, one sender and another receiver. This means that one person alone cannot communicate.

2. Information sharing and understanding  : Communication involves both transfer of information as well as understanding between two or more persons. Communication does not take place simply because information has been transfered to the person concerned. What is equally important is that the receiver of communication should understand the information transfered to him as it was intended to be.

3. Verbal and non-verbal  : Communication is not restricted to transfer of information and understanding through words alone. Amanager can communicate through symbols,gestures and actions which are non-verbal in nature.

4. Circular flow  :The flow of communication is circular, that is, the process of communication starts when the sender transmits a message to the receiver and is completed when the receiver sends the feedback to the sender.

5. Goal oriented  : Communication is goal oriented. The end result of communication is understanding between the sender and the receiver of information.

6. A continious process  : Exchange of ideas and opinions among persons is an ongoing process in business and non-business organisations. Communication is as imported in the organisation as flow of blood in the human body.

7. Pervasive activity  : Communication is a pervasive activity. It takes place at all levels (top,middle,low) and in all functional areas (production,finance,marketing,personal,etc.) of a business enterprise.

HISTORY OF COMMUNICATION

     The word 'communication' originated from latin words and it is derived from the latin term 'communicare' or 'communico',both of which mean 'to share'. But communication is not merely transmission of meaning from one person to another one though symbols. It implies that the system of communication is commonly owned,accepted and recognised by the members of a community.It enables them to acquire, exchange, store,retrieve and process information. Communication is thus essentially a social affair.
    Firstly, it is said that Eastern philosophy/text is the main platform for the evolution of word 'communication' because in ancient periods,different wars-related to God mainly Ramayan,Mahabharat took place. In addition to puran vedas,etc were the pearls of Eastern people and these all events familier with communication. This shows that Eastern people are rich in the field of communication from begining itself. But the thing is that we can't utilize in a systematic and an effective manner. So, Eastern people have to be seated at back of western people in field of communication.
     Moreover, according to the ancient Greek history, Hermes is known as God of communication and the science of language developed by Heremes is called asHermenutics and Heralds are the messangers of God's. In addition to this today, we can see Hieroglyphics. Overall, this all indicates that communication exists from earlier era.
      Thus,communication may be defined as an interchange of thought or information to bring about mutul understanding and confidence. It is the exchange of facts,ideas and view points which brings about commoness of interest,purpose and efforts. Common forms of communication include speaking, writing, signalling and gesturing.
      According to Theo Haimann,"communication is the process of passing information and understanding from one person to another. It is the process of imparting ideas and making oneself understood by others."

ORIGN/EVOLUTION OF COMMUNICATION

   Communication  has existed since the time immemorial but it was not at the form which it is now. In ancient era, communication was done through signs and signals. For example, showing happiness or alerting by beating drums, which is still prevalent in some primitive African culture of lighting of fire in the steeple of church to give a message that war is started and many others ways of expressions. And these signals in due course of time moulded into symbols which we call writings.Hieroglyphics of Egyptian civilization is known as the first historic writing. Similarly, Greek civilization is considered to have their own historic language called Hermeneutics considered to be the language developed by Hermes, the Greek God of communication. In addition to it, the oriental culture too has its own script which is the language used in Ramayan, Mahabharat, four vedas and eighteen Purans, which is sanskrit and is consired oldest in oriental Mythology.
    Man has been using language as a tool of communication for centuries. It has enabled him to interact with the environment and to regulate his social behaviour. Though there are a number of means of communication, language is the most widely used instrument. It acts as a repository of wisdom, a propellar for the advancement of knowledge and a telescope to view the vision of the future. Though human society has progressed with remarkable speed,the use of language for communication is still not free from ignorance, prejudic and superstition.
      Moreover, communication is essential fact or instrument to communicate or survive in a community or the world.

PRECIS WRITING

    The word 'Precis' is derived from 'PREZA' and it means 'Precise'. Writing precis is an excellent exercise in careful reading and accurate writing. It isnot just a paraphrase of the original writing. It is the condensed version of the essential thoughts of the original passage. A good precis is a straight-forward condensed statement of the salient features,ideas or information contained in the original passage and it is written in the clear and concise way in the writer's own words. Writer must posses, the power judgement to be able to evaluate the important ideas. He/she should have a sense of balance ti identify the important points and know how to separate them from the unimportant ones.
     The ability of quickly and accurately understanding the essentials of written matter and then to reduce it to a simple,oderly precis is certainly of utmost importance for every educated person.